Technical articles
Specialist writing on relays, testing, commissioning and substation automation
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ENP
A Practical Guide to Communication Protocols in Substations and Industrial Automation
Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-104, IEC 61850, PRP/HSR and OPC UA compared by use case, strengths and limits, with practical criteria for choosing the right protocol.
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The IEC 61850 Architecture: Data Model, SCL and the MMS, GOOSE and Sampled Values Services
From the data model and logical nodes to SCL files, reporting, GOOSE and SV: a technical overview of IEC 61850 together with testing and commissioning notes.
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Integrating Relays and Substation Equipment with SCADA: Signal Mapping, Gateways and End-to-End Testing
A step-by-step method for connecting relays and meters to SCADA: IO list, gateway configuration, signal mapping, point-to-point testing and acceptance criteria.
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Time Synchronisation in Substation Automation: IRIG-B, NTP, SNTP and PTP
Why does one millisecond matter? A comparison of substation time-sync methods, their accuracy, time-server architecture and how to verify time stamps.
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